Prenatal programming of postnatal development in the pig.

G R Foxcroft, W T Dixon, M K Dyck, S Novak, J C S Harding, F C R L Almeida
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Abstract

Studies of low birth weight offspring have a long history in pig science. These pigs have reduced growth potential and poor carcass quality compared to their higher birth weight littermates. In contemporary commercial sows with between 10 and 15 total pigs born/litter, between-litter differences in average birth weight appear to make the largest contribution to variation in postnatal growth performance, independent of numbers born. Low birth weight is a characteristic of a subpopulation of these sows, likely as a consequence of an imbalance between ovulation rate and uterine capacity due to ongoing selection for litter size. Based on experimental studies, we hypothesize that increased crowding at day 30 of gestation primarily affects placental development and persistent negative impacts on placental growth then affect fetal development. However, embryonic myogenic gene expression is already affected at day 30. Latent effects of metabolic state on oocyte quality and early embryonic development have also been reported. In contrast to effects of uterine crowding, the embryo is primarily affected by previous catabolism. The large body of literature on gene imprinting, and the interactions between metabolism, nutrition, and methylation state, suggest that classic imprinting mechanisms may be involved. However, the potential use of genomics, epigenomics, nutrigenomics, and proteomics to investigate these mechanisms brings new demands on experimental design and data management that present a considerable challenge to the effectiveness of future research on prenatal programming in the pig.

猪产后发育的产前规划。
对低出生体重后代的研究在猪科学中有着悠久的历史。这些猪的生长潜力较低,胴体质量较差,与出生体重较高的仔猪相比。在产仔数在10到15头之间的当代商品母猪中,产仔间平均初生重的差异似乎对产后生长性能的变化贡献最大,与产仔数无关。低出生体重是这些母猪亚群的一个特征,可能是由于对产仔数的持续选择导致排卵率和子宫容量之间不平衡的结果。基于实验研究,我们假设在妊娠第30天拥挤的增加主要影响胎盘发育,并持续对胎盘生长产生负面影响,进而影响胎儿发育。然而,胚胎肌源性基因的表达在第30天就已经受到影响。代谢状态对卵母细胞质量和早期胚胎发育的潜在影响也有报道。与子宫拥挤的影响相反,胚胎主要受到先前分解代谢的影响。大量关于基因印记的文献,以及代谢、营养和甲基化状态之间的相互作用,表明经典的印记机制可能参与其中。然而,基因组学、表观基因组学、营养基因组学和蛋白质组学在研究这些机制方面的潜在应用对实验设计和数据管理提出了新的要求,这对未来猪产前编程研究的有效性提出了相当大的挑战。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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