Glyphosate poisoning.

Sally M Bradberry, Alex T Proudfoot, J Allister Vale
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引用次数: 218

Abstract

Glyphosate is used extensively as a non-selective herbicide by both professional applicators and consumers and its use is likely to increase further as it is one of the first herbicides against which crops have been genetically modified to increase their tolerance. Commercial glyphosate-based formulations most commonly range from concentrates containing 41% or more glyphosate to 1% glyphosate formulations marketed for domestic use. They generally consist of an aqueous mixture of the isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, a surfactant, and various minor components including anti-foaming and colour agents, biocides and inorganic ions to produce pH adjustment. The mechanisms of toxicity of glyphosate formulations are complicated. Not only is glyphosate used as five different salts but commercial formulations of it contain surfactants, which vary in nature and concentration. As a result, human poisoning with this herbicide is not with the active ingredient alone but with complex and variable mixtures. Therefore, It is difficult to separate the toxicity of glyphosate from that of the formulation as a whole or to determine the contribution of surfactants to overall toxicity. Experimental studies suggest that the toxicity of the surfactant, polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), is greater than the toxicity of glyphosate alone and commercial formulations alone. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that glyphosate preparations containing POEA are more toxic than those containing alternative surfactants. Although surfactants probably contribute to the acute toxicity of glyphosate formulations, the weight of evidence is against surfactants potentiating the toxicity of glyphosate. Accidental ingestion of glyphosate formulations is generally associated with only mild, transient, gastrointestinal features. Most reported cases have followed the deliberate ingestion of the concentrated formulation of Roundup (The use of trade names is for product identification purposes only and does not imply endorsement.) (41% glyphosate as the IPA salt and 15% POEA). There is a reasonable correlation between the amount ingested and the likelihood of serious systemic sequelae or death. Advancing age is also associated with a less favourable prognosis. Ingestion of >85 mL of the concentrated formulation is likely to cause significant toxicity in adults. Gastrointestinal corrosive effects, with mouth, throat and epigastric pain and dysphagia are common. Renal and hepatic impairment are also frequent and usually reflect reduced organ perfusion. Respiratory distress, impaired consciousness, pulmonary oedema, infiltration on chest x-ray, shock, arrythmias, renal failure requiring haemodialysis, metabolic acidosis and hyperkalaemia may supervene in severe cases. Bradycardia and ventricular arrhythmias are often present pre-terminally. Dermal exposure to ready-to-use glyphosate formulations can cause irritation and photo-contact dermatitis has been reported occasionally; these effects are probably due to the preservative Proxel (benzisothiazolin-3-one). Severe skin burns are very rare. Inhalation is a minor route of exposure but spray mist may cause oral or nasal discomfort, an unpleasant taste in the mouth, tingling and throat irritation. Eye exposure may lead to mild conjunctivitis, and superficial corneal injury is possible if irrigation is delayed or inadequate. Management is symptomatic and supportive, and skin decontamination with soap and water after removal of contaminated clothing should be undertaken in cases of dermal exposure.

草甘膦中毒
草甘膦作为一种非选择性除草剂,被专业施用人员和消费者广泛使用,而且其使用量可能会进一步增加,因为草甘膦是首批通过转基因提高作物耐受性的除草剂之一。最常见的草甘膦商用制剂包括草甘膦含量为 41% 或更高的浓缩制剂,以及供家庭使用的草甘膦含量为 1%的制剂。这些制剂一般由草甘膦的异丙胺盐、表面活性剂和各种次要成分(包括消泡剂、着色剂、杀菌剂和用于调节 pH 值的无机离子)的水混合物组成。草甘膦制剂的毒性机制十分复杂。草甘膦不仅有五种不同的盐类,而且其商业制剂还含有不同性质和浓度的表面活性剂。因此,人类对这种除草剂的中毒并不单单是由于其活性成分,而是由于其复杂多变的混合物。因此,很难将草甘膦的毒性与制剂的整体毒性分开,也很难确定表面活性剂对整体毒性的影响。实验研究表明,表面活性剂聚氧乙烯胺(POEA)的毒性大于草甘膦本身和商业制剂本身的毒性。目前还没有足够的证据断定含有 POEA 的草甘膦制剂比含有其他表面活性剂的制剂毒性更大。虽然表面活性剂可能会增加草甘膦制剂的急性毒性,但大量证据表明表面活性剂不会增强草甘膦的毒性。意外摄入草甘膦制剂通常只伴有轻微、短暂的胃肠道症状。大多数报告的病例都是在故意摄入浓缩配方的 Roundup(商品名称的使用仅供产品识别之用,并不意味着认可)之后发生的。(41%的草甘膦为IPA盐,15%为POEA)。摄入量与发生严重全身性后遗症或死亡的可能性之间存在合理的相关性。年龄越大,预后越差。成人摄入大于 85 毫升的浓缩制剂可能会导致严重中毒。胃肠道腐蚀作用、口腔、咽喉和上腹部疼痛以及吞咽困难很常见。肝肾功能损害也很常见,通常反映出器官灌注减少。严重病例可能会出现呼吸窘迫、意识障碍、肺水肿、胸部 X 光片浸润、休克、心律失常、需要血液透析的肾功能衰竭、代谢性酸中毒和高钾血症。心动过缓和室性心律失常常在发病前出现。皮肤接触即用型草甘膦制剂会产生刺激,偶尔会出现光接触性皮炎;这些影响可能是由防腐剂 Proxel(苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮)引起的。严重的皮肤灼伤非常罕见。吸入是次要的接触途径,但喷雾可能会引起口腔或鼻腔不适、口腔异味、刺痛和咽喉刺激。眼睛接触可能会导致轻微结膜炎,如果冲洗不及时或不充分,可能会造成浅表角膜损伤。处理方法是对症处理和支持性处理,如果是皮肤接触,应在脱掉受污染的衣物后用肥皂和水进行皮肤消毒。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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