Transmission electron microscopy of cortical dendritic spines in the human oedematous cerebral cortex.

O J Castejon, A Castellano, G Arismendi
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Abstract

The cortical biopsies of 31 patients with clinical diagnosis of congenital hydrocephalus, vascular anomalies, brain tumours and brain trauma were examined with the transmission electron microscope. A variety of swollen spine shapes were found: mushroom shaped, filopodic, lanceolated spines, and megaspines. The spines appeared axonless or making asymmetric synaptic contacts with swollen presynaptic axons. They exhibited a disrupted actin-like network, dilated endoplasmic reticulum profiles, oedematous clear or dense mitochondria, and clusters of free ribosomes. Some spines contained a hypertrophic cytoskeleton. The spine apparatus appeared generally swollen with clear and dilated cisterns. In severe brain trauma and tumours some spine apparatus appeared disorganised or atrophic. In complicated brain trauma with subdural haematoma or hygroma some degenerated spines displayed a high electron density. The ultrastructural findings suggest that alterations of the spines are responsible for the neurological symptoms exhibited by some patients, which imply a disturbance of cortical nerve circuits. The presence of axonless spines is symptomatic of a loss of nerve connectivity, and are expected to have a significant input on neurological and mental functions.

人类水肿的大脑皮层皮层树突棘的透射电镜。
对31例临床诊断为先天性脑积水、血管性异常、脑肿瘤及脑外伤的患者进行了透射电镜检查。各种肿胀的脊柱形状被发现:蘑菇形,丝状,披针形的脊柱和巨大的脊柱。脊髓无轴突或与肿胀的突触前轴突形成不对称的突触接触。他们表现出一个断裂的肌动蛋白样网络,扩张的内质网轮廓,肿胀的清晰或致密的线粒体,以及游离核糖体簇。一些棘含有肥厚的细胞骨架。脊柱器官普遍肿胀,池清晰扩张。在严重的脑外伤和肿瘤中,一些脊柱器官出现紊乱或萎缩。在复杂的颅脑外伤合并硬膜下血肿或水瘤时,一些退化的脊柱表现为高电子密度。超微结构结果提示,脊髓的改变是一些患者表现出神经症状的原因,这意味着皮质神经回路的紊乱。无轴突棘的存在是神经连通性丧失的症状,并且预计对神经和心理功能有重要的输入。
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