Particle-based vaccines for HIV-1 infection.

Kelly R Young, Ted M Ross
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引用次数: 33

Abstract

The use of live-attenuated viruses as vaccines has been successful for the control of viral infections. However, the development of an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has proven to be a challenge. HIV infects cells of the immune system and results in a severe immunodeficiency. In addition, the ability of the virus to adapt to immune pressure and the ability to reside in an integrated form in host cells present hurdles for vaccinologists to overcome. A particle-based vaccine strategy has promise for eliciting high titer, long-lived, immune responses to a diverse number of viral epitopes from different HIV antigens. Live-attenuated viruses are effective at generating both cellular and humoral immunity, however, a live-attenuated vaccine for HIV is problematic. The possibility of a live-attenuated vaccine to revert to a pathogenic form or recombine with a wild-type or defective virus in an infected individual is a drawback to this approach. Therefore, these vaccines are currently only being tested in non-human primate models. Live-attenuated vaccines are effective in stimulating immunity, however challenged animals rarely clear viral infection and the degree of attenuation directly correlates with the protection of animals from disease. Another particle-based vaccine approach for HIV involves the use of virus-like particles (VLPs). VLPs mimic the viral particle without causing an immunodeficiency disease. HIV-like particles (HIV-LP) are defined as self-assembling, non-replicating, nonpathogenic, genomeless particles that are similar in size and conformation to intact virions. A variety of VLPs for both HIV and SIV are currently in pre-clinical and clinical trials. This review focuses on the current knowledge regarding the immunogenicity and safety of particle-based vaccine strategies for HIV-1.

针对HIV-1感染的颗粒疫苗。
使用减毒活病毒作为疫苗在控制病毒感染方面取得了成功。然而,研制一种有效的人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)疫苗已被证明是一项挑战。HIV感染免疫系统细胞,导致严重的免疫缺陷。此外,病毒适应免疫压力的能力和以整合形式存在于宿主细胞中的能力是疫苗学家需要克服的障碍。基于颗粒的疫苗策略有望对来自不同HIV抗原的不同数量的病毒表位引发高滴度、长寿命的免疫应答。减毒活病毒在产生细胞和体液免疫方面是有效的,然而,艾滋病毒的减毒活疫苗是有问题的。这种方法的一个缺点是,减毒活疫苗有可能恢复到致病性形式,或在受感染个体中与野生型或缺陷病毒重组。因此,这些疫苗目前只在非人类灵长类动物模型中进行测试。减毒活疫苗在刺激免疫方面是有效的,但受到攻击的动物很少能清除病毒感染,减毒程度与动物免受疾病的保护直接相关。另一种基于颗粒的艾滋病毒疫苗方法涉及使用病毒样颗粒(vlp)。VLPs模仿病毒颗粒而不会引起免疫缺陷疾病。hiv样颗粒(HIV-LP)被定义为自组装、非复制、非致病性、无基因组的颗粒,其大小和构象与完整的病毒粒子相似。多种针对HIV和SIV的VLPs目前正处于临床前和临床试验阶段。本文综述了目前关于HIV-1颗粒疫苗策略的免疫原性和安全性的知识。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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