[New regulation of tap water quality and exposure assessment].

M Ando
{"title":"[New regulation of tap water quality and exposure assessment].","authors":"M Ando","doi":"","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, social concerns regarding tap water quality have increased, mainly because of the possible reduction in safety due to contamination of tap water by various chemicals and more frequent occurrence of the strange odors and tastes in as a result of resource water eutrophication. Consequently, the Ministry of Health and Welfare conducted a detailed two-year investigation of the Water Quality Standards of the Water Works Law by summoning an expert committee, and as a result, totally revised the Standards in December 1992. This was the first overall revision since 1958 when the Water Quality Standards were established, and an additional 21 items, including mainly hazardous chemicals including pesticides and chlorinated by-products, were newly added. Values and testing methods are now listed for 46 items, and the Law obliges every water supply to conduct periodical water testing for the necessary items almost every month with ad-hoc testing, as required of hydrants. Simultaneously, 26 monitoring items are listed in hazardous contaminants guidelines which should be checked, when necessary. The new Water Quality Standards and the guidelines were brought into force in December 1993, and the quality of all parts of the water supply is now tested in accordance. Risk assessment is a scientific process that includes some form of measurement as one of its central elements. In many cases, the measured parameter is the level of exposure to a hazard. Also, measurements are essential in establishing the quantitative relationship between exposure and response, and in determining natural baseline conditions in the environment. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human or other population exposures to risk agents. Exposures may occur in a variety of ways, such as through ingestion, dermal contact, or inhalation. For many risk assessments, exposure assessment is the most difficult task. The reason for this is that exposure assessment often depends on factors that are hard to estimate and for which there are few data. Critical information on the conditions of exposure is often lacking. To be comprehensive, an exposure assessment must describe the levels of exposure and all conditions that might be needed to assess the effects of such exposures, including their magnitude, duration, schedule, and route. This report presents the various problems covered in exposure assessment relevant to monitoring, testing, and methodology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11656,"journal":{"name":"Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Eisei Shikenjo hokoku. Bulletin of National Institute of Hygienic Sciences","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Recently, social concerns regarding tap water quality have increased, mainly because of the possible reduction in safety due to contamination of tap water by various chemicals and more frequent occurrence of the strange odors and tastes in as a result of resource water eutrophication. Consequently, the Ministry of Health and Welfare conducted a detailed two-year investigation of the Water Quality Standards of the Water Works Law by summoning an expert committee, and as a result, totally revised the Standards in December 1992. This was the first overall revision since 1958 when the Water Quality Standards were established, and an additional 21 items, including mainly hazardous chemicals including pesticides and chlorinated by-products, were newly added. Values and testing methods are now listed for 46 items, and the Law obliges every water supply to conduct periodical water testing for the necessary items almost every month with ad-hoc testing, as required of hydrants. Simultaneously, 26 monitoring items are listed in hazardous contaminants guidelines which should be checked, when necessary. The new Water Quality Standards and the guidelines were brought into force in December 1993, and the quality of all parts of the water supply is now tested in accordance. Risk assessment is a scientific process that includes some form of measurement as one of its central elements. In many cases, the measured parameter is the level of exposure to a hazard. Also, measurements are essential in establishing the quantitative relationship between exposure and response, and in determining natural baseline conditions in the environment. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring or estimating the intensity, frequency, and duration of human or other population exposures to risk agents. Exposures may occur in a variety of ways, such as through ingestion, dermal contact, or inhalation. For many risk assessments, exposure assessment is the most difficult task. The reason for this is that exposure assessment often depends on factors that are hard to estimate and for which there are few data. Critical information on the conditions of exposure is often lacking. To be comprehensive, an exposure assessment must describe the levels of exposure and all conditions that might be needed to assess the effects of such exposures, including their magnitude, duration, schedule, and route. This report presents the various problems covered in exposure assessment relevant to monitoring, testing, and methodology.

[自来水水质及暴露评估新规]。
近年来,社会对自来水质量的关注有所增加,主要是由于自来水受到各种化学物质的污染可能会降低安全性,以及由于资源水富营养化而更频繁地发生异味和异味。因此,保健福利部召集了一个专家委员会,对《自来水厂法》的水质标准进行了为期两年的详细调查,并于1992年12月全面修订了该标准。这是自1958年制定《水质标准》以来首次全面修订,新增了21个项目,主要包括农药和氯化副产物等危险化学品。现在列出了46个项目的数值和测试方法,法律规定每个供水系统几乎每个月都要对必要的项目进行定期测试,并按照消防栓的要求进行特别测试。同时,在危险污染物指南中列出了26个监测项目,必要时应进行检查。新的水质标准和准则已于1993年12月生效,供水的所有部分的水质现在都是按照这些标准进行测试的。风险评估是一个科学的过程,将某种形式的度量作为其核心要素之一。在许多情况下,测量的参数是暴露于危害的程度。此外,在确定接触和反应之间的数量关系以及确定环境中的自然基线条件方面,测量是必不可少的。暴露评估是测量或估计人类或其他人群暴露于危险物的强度、频率和持续时间的过程。暴露可能以多种方式发生,如通过摄入、皮肤接触或吸入。在许多风险评估中,暴露评估是最困难的任务。这样做的原因是,暴露评估往往取决于难以估计的因素,而这些因素的数据很少。关于暴露条件的关键信息往往是缺乏的。为了做到全面,暴露评估必须描述暴露水平和评估暴露影响所需的所有条件,包括暴露程度、持续时间、时间表和路径。本报告介绍了与监测、测试和方法相关的暴露评估中涉及的各种问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信