The IGF system in metabolism regulation.

Abstract

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) are produced in most tissues, particularly liver. Via endocrine and paracrine or autocrine mechanisms, they play an essential role in cell proliferation and differentiation and complement the metabolic effects of insulin. Similarities between the effects of insulin and IGF in vitro are largely due to cross-reaction, owing to their structural homology as well as that of their receptors. At physiological concentrations, insulin is not mitogenic. Compared with insulin, IGFs have negligible metabolic effects on hepatocytes or adipocytes. However, the presence of the IGF-I receptor in muscle accounts for IGF physiological effects in vivo on glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis. Moreover, recombinant IGF-I administered subcutaneously to healthy subjects or patients with Type 2 diabetes causes a drop in plasma levels of triglycerides and VLDL as well as cholesterol and LDL, but not HDL, and also increases insulin sensitivity. All these responses reflect IGF-I inhibition of insulin and GH secretion. In biological media, IGF-I and IGF-II are reversibly associated with specific high-affinity (10(9)-10(11) M-1) binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) differing in expression according to tissue of origin and playing a variety of roles in IGF transport and half-lives, delivery of IGFs to their target cells and modulation of IGF interactions with their receptors. In the blood, where IGF concentrations are 1,000 times those of insulin, IGFBP-3 (the major form) binds at least 80% of IGFs as 140-kDa complexes which do not cross the capillary endothelium and therefore prevent the insulin-like action of IGFs. Nevertheless, these circulating IGF reserves may be mobilized in response to metabolic needs via limited proteolysis of IGFBP-3 by serine proteases. In the case of IGFBP-1, whose hepatic synthesis is negatively regulated by insulin, plasma concentrations are subject to extensive nycthemeral variation, rising with fasting and dropping after feeding, which may be involved in controlling the access of free IGF-I to its cellular receptors and hence IGF-I-regulated glucose and amino acid uptake. Therapeutic applications of recombinant human IGF-I, currently under trial in the treatment of growth retardation resulting from GH receptor abnormalities, hypercatabolic states and would repair, may also be envisaged for cases of insulin resistance, particularly type 2 diabetes.