[Gliclazide: review of metabolic and vascular action].

Abstract

Gliclazide is a second-generation sulfonylures that is widely used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2 diabetes). It has been recommended for use on the basis of both its metabolic and nonmetabolic effects. It has a clear beneficial effect on metabolic control in Type 2 diabetes. Blood glucose and lipid levels are lowered. The glucose-lowering effects are secondary to both enhanced insulin secretion and a decrease in insulin resistance. The former is due to closure of a K+ adenosine triphosphate (ATP) channel in the beta cell. The mechanism whereby insulin action on the liver and muscle are potentiated remains unknown. It does not appear to involve the insulin receptor, and although glycogen synthase activation is enhanced, this is probably not specified. It has proven difficult to separate the metabolic effects of gliclazide form the effects of improved control. The metabolic actions are probably also shared with over sulfonylureas. Gliclazide also has beneficial effects on platelet behavior and function and on the endothelium, in addition to improving free radical status. These effects should be beneficial for the prevention of diabetic microangiopathy. Some evidence has appeared for the prevention of deterioration of diabetic retinopathy, but results are variable and more convincing studies are required. Many of the nonmetabolic effects of gliclazide appear to be unique to this agent. Gliclazide thus appears to be a reasonable choice in the treatment of Type 2 diabetes with diet failure, both from the metabolic and non-metabolic standpoint.