Relativistic correction to the binding energies of two-body hadronic molecular states

Abstract

This study presents a systematic estimation of the relativistic correction to the binding energies of two-body hadronic molecular states by comparing the numerical solutions of Schrödinger, Salpeter, and Bethe–Salpeter (BS) equations derived from the same one-boson-exchange (OBE) interaction, with the OBE input couplings kept fixed and without refitting the potential to each bound state. All BS results are computed in the ladder approximation. The numerical results reveal a counterintuitive, coupling-dependent property: for MeV-scale binding with heavy exchanged mesons, the binding energies from the ladder BS and Schrödinger equations at the same parameters can differ by large factors. They show that shallow binding alone does not guarantee a small three-dimensional reduction effect when the interaction is short-ranged and strongly coupled. Specifically, we first benchmark the effect in a scalar model and then extend the analysis to the \(D{\bar{D}}\) system with hadronic form factors. In the shallow \(D{\bar{D}}\) region illustrated, the magnitude of the ladder BS binding energy amounts to only \(10\%\sim 30\%\) of the Schrödinger result at the same couplings. Such large discrepancies show that calculations based on the Schrödinger or Salpeter equations should be treated with caution when fixed OBE input parameters are transferred without matching or refitting. This conclusion does not conflict with the universality of shallow bound states, which concerns low-energy observables after short-distance parameters have been matched.