Comprehensive Review of the Anode Materials for Lithium and Post-Lithium Batteries from Production to Assembly

Abstract

Nowadays, owing to the challenges of increasing the specific capacity of batteries and reducing reliance on expensive, limited lithium resources, technologies for producing so-called post-lithium batteries are actively developing. This review surveys the main types of these technologies, as well as methods for producing anode materials as key components that determine a battery’s capacity, cycle life, and other performance factors, covering aspects from the raw materials used to the assembly process and application of lithium and post-lithium batteries. Among promising and efficient approaches for producing anode materials chemical modification of polymer precursors before carbonization, the development of targeted carbonization technologies, and doping carbon anode materials with transition elements to increase ionic specific capacity are described.