Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Diffractive Deep Neural Networks for Onboard Terrain Classification From SAR Level-0 Raw Data

Abstract

Real-time terrain classification directly from Level-0 raw Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data remains restricted by traditional digital-centric paradigms, where the processing of noisy, high-dimensional patches is hindered by computationally intensive processors and significant downlink latency. To address these fundamental limitations, this work establishes a new research paradigm for autonomous on-board sensing by proposing a Stacked Intelligent Metasurface-Diffractive Deep Neural Network (SIM-D$^\mathbf{2}$NN). This architecture leverages the physical wave-propagation medium to offload inference tasks from digital processors to a physical device. By executing in-wave feature mapping, the SIM-D$^\mathbf{2}$NN facilitates a move toward an integrated ‘compute-while-transmitting’ framework, providing an alternative to the traditional ‘digitize-then-process’ sequence. The multi-layer metasurface is positioned at the forefront of the satellite communication module. The initial layer modulates the raw SAR data through both amplitude and phase adjustments, where a 90$^\mathbf{\circ}$ phase rotation is introduced as a lightweight but effective augmentation strategy to enhance robustness against noise and Doppler distortions. Subsequent layers learn variable phase shifts, enabling advanced feature mapping for the classification task. The classification results at the terrestrial station can be directly obtained based on the signal amplitude received at each antenna. This design reduces reliance on downlink bandwidth and high-power terrestrial computing, achieving performance around 90% in the binary task directly from real raw SAR data in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 Score. Therefore, our method helps bridge the gap between next-generation remote sensing tasks and in-orbit processing needs, paving the way for computationally efficient remote sensing applications.