Haranath Chinthaginjala, Bhargav E, A Thriveni, K Vamsi Vardhan, M Sai Kumar, Maddileti Repollu
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and uveitis persist as prominent contributors to visual impairment on a global scale. Conventional ocular drug delivery systems face a range of physiological hurdles, including tear film clearance, epithelium absorption, conjunctival absorption, and the formidable blood-retinal barrier. These challenges culminate in suboptimal ocular bioavailability, frequently compelling healthcare providers to resort to invasive drug administration methods.
Methods: This review systematically evaluates recent literature focusing on exosome-based ocular drug delivery systems. Published preclinical and clinical studies were identified through structured searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science using the keywords "exosomes", "extracellular vesicles", "ocular drug delivery", "retina", and "ophthalmology". The search covered studies published between 2000 and 2025 to understand exosome biology, isolation and characterization techniques, drug-loading strategies, and their ability to overcome ocular physiological barriers.
Results: Exosomes are naturally occurring extracellular vesicles enriched with proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, exhibiting excellent biocompatibility and intrinsic targeting capabilities. Evidence from preclinical studies demonstrates their ability to traverse ocular barriers and enhance drug retention and bioavailability. Emerging clinical investigations highlight their therapeutic promise in retinal and anterior segment disorders.
Discussion: Compared with synthetic nanocarriers, exosomes offer superior biological stability, reduced immunogenicity, and enhanced tissue penetration. However, challenges related to largescale production, standardization, storage stability, immunological safety, and regulatory approval remain critical barriers to clinical translation.
Conclusion: Exosome-based ocular drug delivery represents a promising precision medicine strategy that addresses long-standing limitations of conventional ophthalmic therapies. Continued advances in formulation optimization, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory frameworks are expected to accelerate their clinical and commercial translation for patient-centered eye care.
在全球范围内，年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病性视网膜病变、青光眼和葡萄膜炎等眼部疾病一直是造成视力损害的主要原因。传统的眼部给药系统面临一系列生理障碍，包括泪膜清除、上皮吸收、结膜吸收和强大的血视网膜屏障。这些挑战最终导致眼生物利用度不理想，经常迫使医疗保健提供者诉诸侵入性给药方法。方法：本综述系统地评价了近年来有关外泌体为基础的眼部给药系统的文献。使用关键词“外泌体”、“细胞外囊泡”、“眼部给药”、“视网膜”和“眼科”，通过PubMed、Scopus和Web of Science进行结构化搜索，确定已发表的临床前和临床研究。该搜索涵盖了2000年至2025年间发表的研究，以了解外泌体生物学、分离和表征技术、载药策略以及它们克服眼部生理障碍的能力。结果：外泌体是天然存在的富含蛋白质、脂质和核酸的细胞外囊泡，具有良好的生物相容性和内在靶向能力。来自临床前研究的证据表明，它们能够穿越眼屏障，增强药物潴留和生物利用度。新兴的临床研究突出了它们在视网膜和前段疾病的治疗前景。讨论：与合成纳米载体相比，外泌体具有优越的生物稳定性，降低了免疫原性，增强了组织渗透。然而，与大规模生产、标准化、储存稳定性、免疫安全性和监管批准相关的挑战仍然是临床转化的关键障碍。结论：基于外泌体的眼部给药是一种有前景的精准医疗策略，解决了传统眼科治疗的长期局限性。在配方优化、可扩展制造和监管框架方面的持续进步有望加速它们在以患者为中心的眼科护理方面的临床和商业转化。
期刊介绍：
Current Drug Targets aims to cover the latest and most outstanding developments on the medicinal chemistry and pharmacology of molecular drug targets e.g. disease specific proteins, receptors, enzymes, genes.
Current Drug Targets publishes guest edited thematic issues written by leaders in the field covering a range of current topics of drug targets. The journal also accepts for publication mini- & full-length review articles and drug clinical trial studies.
As the discovery, identification, characterization and validation of novel human drug targets for drug discovery continues to grow; this journal is essential reading for all pharmaceutical scientists involved in drug discovery and development.
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