Performance Analysis of Hydrogen-Based Backup Systems for Sustainable Internet Data Centers

IF 5.2 2区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications Pub Date : 2026-09-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-15 DOI:10.1109/TIA.2026.3654510

Jinhui Liu;Haoyu Dai;Zhanbo Xu;Jiang Wu;Xiaohong Guan

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Hydrogen-based backup systems (HBSs) are a promising alternative to diesel generators (DGs) in Internet data centers (IDCs) because of their high efficiency, fast response, and near-zero on-site emissions. However, their performance in terms of reliability, cost, and carbon emissions is not yet fully understood. This paper proposes an HBS for IDCs, where medium-temperature fuel cells (MTFCs) produce electricity and waste heat, and absorption chillers (ACs) use this heat to provide cooling. A unified model is developed to describe the links between hydrogen-based energy supply, computing workloads, and indoor temperature control. To evaluate both planning and operation performance, a Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation (SMCS) method is used, with Gaussian copula–based scenario generation and Sobol sequences to improve sampling efficiency. A case study of a pilot IDC in Yulin, China, shows that at a hydrogen price of $1/kg, the HBS can reach an average reliability of service of 99.999%, cut yearly operating costs by $3,750, and lower carbon emissions by 23,333 kg per rack compared with DG-based systems. These results show that HBSs can deliver high-reliability and low-carbon backup power for sustainable data center operation.

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可持续互联网数据中心氢基备份系统性能分析

氢基备用系统（hbs）是互联网数据中心（idc）柴油发电机（dg）的一个很有前途的替代品，因为它们效率高、响应快、现场排放接近于零。然而，它们在可靠性、成本和碳排放方面的性能尚未完全了解。本文提出了一种用于idc的HBS，其中中温燃料电池（mtfc）产生电力和废热，吸收式冷却器（ac）使用这些热量提供冷却。开发了一个统一的模型来描述氢基能源供应、计算工作量和室内温度控制之间的联系。为了评估计划和操作性能，使用了顺序蒙特卡罗模拟（SMCS）方法，使用基于高斯copula的场景生成和Sobol序列来提高采样效率。中国榆林IDC试点案例研究表明，在氢价格为1美元/公斤的情况下，HBS可以达到99.999%的平均服务可靠性，与基于dg的系统相比，每年减少3750美元的运营成本，每机架减少23333公斤的碳排放。这些结果表明，hbs可以为数据中心的可持续运行提供高可靠性和低碳的备用电源。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

9.90

自引率

9.10%

发文量

747

审稿时长

3.3 months

期刊介绍： The scope of the IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications includes all scope items of the IEEE Industry Applications Society, that is, the advancement of the theory and practice of electrical and electronic engineering in the development, design, manufacture, and application of electrical systems, apparatus, devices, and controls to the processes and equipment of industry and commerce; the promotion of safe, reliable, and economic installations; industry leadership in energy conservation and environmental, health, and safety issues; the creation of voluntary engineering standards and recommended practices; and the professional development of its membership.