Recovered graphite as a dual-function material: from anodes to sensors and batteries

Abstract

The rapidly increasing expansion of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) adoption has intensified the need for environmentally friendly end-of-life management of used cells. Although current recycling is dominated by the focus on cathode metals, the anode graphite component remains to be completely tapped despite its great energy and material worth. The review focuses on the emerging topic of functional upcycling of used anode graphite to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) for dual applications in battery system and electrochemical sensing. The structural and chemical transformation upon battery operation such defect creation, surface oxidation, and microcracking promote exfoliation efficiency and create active sites beneficial for subsequent application. We comprehensively summarize physical, chemical, and electrochemical recovery pathways with an emphasis on green acid leaching, thermal treatment, and electrochemical exfoliation that realize high recovery efficiency and programmable surface chemistry. We discuss mechanistic insight bridging structure and function, and evaluate the selectivity, sensitivity, and stability of these materials in real-world applications.

Graphical Abstract