On the Illusion of Gender Bias in Face Recognition: Explaining the Fairness Issue Through Non-Demographic Attributes

Abstract

Face recognition systems (FRS) exhibit significant accuracy differences based on the user’s gender. Since such a gender gap reduces the trustworthiness of FRS, more recent efforts have tried to find the causes. However, these studies make use of manually selected, correlated, and small-sized sets of facial features to support their claims. In this work, we analyze gender bias in face recognition by successfully extending the search domain to decorrelated combinations of 40 non-demographic facial characteristics. First, we introduce a toolchain to effectively decorrelate and aggregate facial attributes to enable a less-biased gender analysis on large-scale data. Second, we tailor two specialized metrics to quantify the effect of facial attributes on absolute and relative fairness. Based on these grounds, we thirdly present a novel unsupervised joint investigation framework capable of identifying attribute combinations leading to vanishing bias when used as filter predicates for balanced testing datasets. Experiments show the gender gap vanishing when images of male and female subjects share specific attributes, clearly indicating that the disparate performance is not a question of biology but of the social definition of appearance. These findings could reshape our understanding of fairness in face biometrics and provide insights into FRS, helping to address gender bias issues.