Advances in copper-based catalysts for selective CO2 electroreduction to C1 and C2 products

Abstract

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO₂RR) has emerged as a promising strategy for carbon recycling and sustainable energy conversion. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in Cu-based electrocatalysts for CO₂RR, systematically classifying and evaluating catalytic systems based on product categories. Particular emphasis is placed on structure-driven design strategies and mechanistic insights guided by target product selectivity. Key reaction intermediates and representative descriptors relevant to specific products are summarized, establishing intrinsic correlations among catalyst structure, intermediate stability, and product distribution. Moreover, the main factors contributing to catalyst deactivation are discussed in detail, along with corresponding stabilization strategies. Finally, recent progress over the past five years is highlighted to offer mechanistic foundations and structural guidelines for the rational design of next-generation Cu-based CO₂RR catalysts with enhanced selectivity and long-term operational.