A Real-Time Power Balance Strategy for Distribution Transformer Supply Zones Based on Vehicle-to-Grid Scheduling

Abstract

To address the load fluctuation and the mismatch between power supply and demand caused by unscheduled penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) into modern power systems, this paper proposes a multi-objective, real-time scheduling strategy for charging and discharging of EVs at the distribution network level. The strategy is based on scheduled charging and Vehicle-to- Grid (V2G) interaction. First, by analyzing power system characteristics at different levels, a multi-level power balance control framework is constructed. Next, a model of the scheduling potential of EVs participating in V2G within a distribution transformer supply zone is developed, and a scheduling strategy for charging and discharging is established. With the travel demands of users, the V2G power feedback, and the influence of time-of-use electricity pricing on the charging costs all taken into account, a multi-objective optimization scheduling strategy is designed to achieve power supply and demand balance in distribution transformer supply zones and reduced charging costs for users. Simulation results prove that the proposed strategy can effectively balance the power supply and demand within a distribution transformer supply zone, mitigate the load fluctuations caused by EV charging loads integration, reduce the charging costs and protect the financial interests of users participating in V2G interaction. © 2026 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.