Lifestyle Behaviors and Noncommunicable Diseases Among United States Adults: A National Analysis of Physical Activity, Diet, and Health Outcomes.

Abstract

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) remain the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States, yet adherence to recommended physical activity and dietary behaviors remains suboptimal. Authors of this study examined associations between physical activity, diet, and selected NCDs among United States adults. Data were drawn from the 2024 Health Information National Trends Survey, a nationally representative cross-sectional sample of United States adults aged ≥18 years. Survey-weighted analyses examined self-reported diagnoses of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and lung disease in relation to aerobic activity, strength training, and fruit and vegetable intake. Bivariate analyses assessed sociodemographic differences, and multivariable logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds of not being diagnosed with each condition. Mean body mass index was 28.8 kg/m², with 35.8% of respondents classified as obese. Few respondents met guidelines for moderate-intensity exercise (36.3%), strength training (38.4%), fruit intake (19.9%), or vegetable intake (28.0%). Meeting aerobic activity guidelines was associated with higher odds of not being diagnosed with diabetes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04-1.69) and hypertension (aOR 1.49; 95% CI, 1.15-1.93). Strength training was inversely associated with lung disease (aOR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89). Fruit intake also was associated with lower odds of lung disease (aOR 1.97; 95% CI, 1.17-3.30). Younger age, healthy weight, and higher income were consistently associated with lower odds of NCD diagnoses. Aerobic physical activity demonstrated the most consistent protective associations with diabetes and hypertension, while diet and strength training showed condition-specific relationships. Improving adherence to lifestyle guidelines may reduce NCD burden and persistent disparities.