Troxerutin Activity Against Oxidative Stress: A Potential Strategy for Corneal Damage Evaluated in a 3D Model of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells.

Abstract

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are closely associated with ocular surface disorders, including dry eye disease (DED), keratitis, and corneal erosion. These pathological processes contribute to an imbalance in tear composition and induce structural and functional alterations of the cornea. In this context, natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have emerged as promising strategies for preserving ocular health and mitigating the effects of corneal injuries. In the present study, we investigated the potential protective effects of troxerutin (TX), a naturally occurring flavonoid, in attenuating oxidative stress and promoting the restoration of corneal tissue architecture.

Methods: To this end, an H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress model was established using human corneal epithelial cells (HCE) SkinEthic™ 3D tissues. Cells were pretreated with TX and, after 24 hours, stimulated with H₂O₂ for 10 minutes.

Results: TX showed a protective effect against oxidative injury in the HCE 3D model and supported morphological recovery consistent with re-epithelialization through the upregulation of tight junction proteins zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and Occludin. In addition, TX helped attenuate inflammatory responses by regulating interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), and key adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and P-selectin.

Conclusions: Overall, these findings emphasize the potential of TX as a natural compound that may contribute to the prevention and management of corneal damage.