Synergies of AI and Quantum Technologies in Next-Generation Non-Terrestrial Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Abstract

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are a cornerstone for 6G's global connectivity vision, but their hyper-dynamic nature presents unprecedented challenges in optimization, management, and security. This paper posits that the synergistic convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and quantum technologies offers a transformative paradigm to address these issues. We conduct a comprehensive survey, presenting a novel taxonomy that classifies applications into three domains: quantum-enhanced AI, AI-powered quantum systems, and converged AI-quantum services. For each, we analyze formal problem formulations and hybrid solution architectures. To bridge theory and practice, we develop a detailed case study on handover optimization in a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation under dynamic channel conditions. By formulating the problem as a quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) model and solving it with a quantum-inspired annealer, our Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate a superior performance trade-off. The proposed approach reduces handovers by approximately 84% compared to a classical greedy strategy while maintaining high link quality and zero outage. Finally, we identify critical open research challenges and outline a future vision for autonomous, intelligent, and unconditionally secure global networks.