Immediate Effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback on Stuttering: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Literature Published 2000–2024

IF 2.5 3区医学 Q2 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders Pub Date : 2026-06-24 DOI:10.1111/1460-6984.70283

Daichi Iimura, Takuma Yamamoto, Osamu Ishida

{"title":"Immediate Effects of Delayed Auditory Feedback on Stuttering: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Literature Published 2000–2024","authors":"Daichi Iimura, Takuma Yamamoto, Osamu Ishida","doi":"10.1111/1460-6984.70283","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div>\n \n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Purpose</h3>\n \n <p>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the fluency- enhancing effect of DAF alone in individuals with developmental stuttering.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched multiple databases for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Eligible studies examined DAF conditions applied to speech tasks with stuttering-related outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model, with subgroup analyses by disfluency type, delay time, speech task, stuttering severity, and participant age.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Of the 194 records screened, eight studies involving a total of 98 participants in total met the inclusion criteria, and five studies involving 61 participants were eligible for quantitative synthesis. Each study included 8–20 participants ranging from school-age children to adults. Most participants were male, and stuttering severity ranged from mild to severe. DAF conditions were evaluated using oral reading and spontaneous speech/monologue tasks. Meta-analysis revealed no significant overall benefit of DAF compared with normal auditory feedback (NAF; mean difference = –1.46, 95% CI [–4.83, 1.91]).</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusion</h3>\n \n <p>DAF alone does not consistently reduce disfluencies; however, specific populations and conditions may derive greater benefits from it. Larger, well-controlled studies are needed to clarify its therapeutic potential and clinical applications.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS</h3>\n \n <div><i>What is already known on this subject</i>\n \n <ul>\n \n <li>Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) has been reported to improve fluency in people who stutter and is used in several assistive devices. However, its independent effect remains unclear because DAF is often combined with other altered auditory feedback conditions.</li>\n </ul><i>What this study adds to existing knowledge</i>\n \n <ul>\n \n <li>This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the exclusive effect of DAF on stuttering. The results indicate that DAF alone does not consistently reduce disfluency compared with NAF, although certain conditions (e.g., shorter delays or reading tasks) may show greater benefits.</li>\n </ul><i>What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?</i>\n \n <ul>\n \n <li>Clinicians should interpret the fluency-enhancing effects of DAF cautiously when used alone. Further well-controlled studies are needed to determine which individuals and speech contexts may benefit most from DAF-based interventions.</li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":49182,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders","volume":"61 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1460-6984.70283","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1460-6984.70283","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the fluency- enhancing effect of DAF alone in individuals with developmental stuttering.

Methods

Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we searched multiple databases for studies published between 2000 and 2024. Eligible studies examined DAF conditions applied to speech tasks with stuttering-related outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model, with subgroup analyses by disfluency type, delay time, speech task, stuttering severity, and participant age.

Results

Of the 194 records screened, eight studies involving a total of 98 participants in total met the inclusion criteria, and five studies involving 61 participants were eligible for quantitative synthesis. Each study included 8–20 participants ranging from school-age children to adults. Most participants were male, and stuttering severity ranged from mild to severe. DAF conditions were evaluated using oral reading and spontaneous speech/monologue tasks. Meta-analysis revealed no significant overall benefit of DAF compared with normal auditory feedback (NAF; mean difference = –1.46, 95% CI [–4.83, 1.91]).

Conclusion

DAF alone does not consistently reduce disfluencies; however, specific populations and conditions may derive greater benefits from it. Larger, well-controlled studies are needed to clarify its therapeutic potential and clinical applications.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS

What is already known on this subject

Delayed auditory feedback (DAF) has been reported to improve fluency in people who stutter and is used in several assistive devices. However, its independent effect remains unclear because DAF is often combined with other altered auditory feedback conditions.

What this study adds to existing knowledge

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the exclusive effect of DAF on stuttering. The results indicate that DAF alone does not consistently reduce disfluency compared with NAF, although certain conditions (e.g., shorter delays or reading tasks) may show greater benefits.

What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?

Clinicians should interpret the fluency-enhancing effects of DAF cautiously when used alone. Further well-controlled studies are needed to determine which individuals and speech contexts may benefit most from DAF-based interventions.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

延迟听觉反馈对口吃的直接影响：2000-2024年发表的文献的系统回顾和荟萃分析。

目的：本系统综述和荟萃分析评估了单独使用DAF对发展性口吃患者流利性的增强作用。方法：根据PRISMA 2020指南，我们检索了2000年至2024年间发表的多个数据库。符合条件的研究检查了DAF条件适用于口吃相关结果的言语任务。采用随机效应模型进行meta分析，并按不流利类型、延迟时间、言语任务、口吃严重程度和参与者年龄进行亚组分析。结果：在筛选的194条记录中，共有8项研究（共98名受试者）符合纳入标准，5项研究（共61名受试者）符合定量综合。每项研究包括8-20名参与者，从学龄儿童到成年人。大多数参与者是男性，口吃的严重程度从轻微到严重不等。通过口头阅读和自发演讲/独白任务来评估DAF条件。荟萃分析显示，与正常听觉反馈相比，DAF没有显著的总体益处（NAF；平均差异= -1.46,95% CI[-4.83, 1.91]）。结论：单纯DAF不能持续减少血流失调；然而，特定的人群和条件可能会从中获得更大的好处。需要更大规模、控制良好的研究来阐明其治疗潜力和临床应用。这篇论文补充了什么：关于这个主题已经知道的是，据报道延迟听觉反馈（DAF）可以提高口吃者的流利程度，并被用于几种辅助设备中。然而，它的独立作用尚不清楚，因为DAF经常与其他听觉反馈条件的改变相结合。本研究对现有知识的补充本系统综述和荟萃分析评估了DAF对口吃的独特作用。结果表明，与NAF相比，单独使用DAF并不能始终如一地减少不流畅性，尽管在某些情况下（例如，较短的延迟或阅读任务）可能会显示出更大的好处。这项工作的潜在或实际临床意义是什么？临床医生在单独使用DAF时应谨慎解释其增强流利的作用。需要进一步的良好对照研究来确定哪些个体和语言环境可能从基于daf的干预中获益最多。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY-REHABILITATION

CiteScore

3.30

自引率

12.50%

发文量

116

审稿时长

6-12 weeks

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders (IJLCD) is the official journal of the Royal College of Speech & Language Therapists. The Journal welcomes submissions on all aspects of speech, language, communication disorders and speech and language therapy. It provides a forum for the exchange of information and discussion of issues of clinical or theoretical relevance in the above areas.