{"title":"Effect of ESWT on the microcirculation of the lower extremity in rats with diabetic vasculopathy: An experimental animal study.","authors":"Jie Zhang, Baiwei Zhang, Chunjing He","doi":"10.5606/tftrd.2026.16227","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the microcirculation of lower extremity skeletal muscle in rats with diabetic vasculopathy (DV) and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The experimental animal study was conducted between August 2023 and February 2024. Forty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight: 226 ± 21 g; range, 205 to 247 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=8 per group): Control group (Group A), DV group (Group B), DV + ESWT group (Group C), DV + LY2157299 group (Group D), and DV + ESWT + LY2157299 group (Group E). The blood flow velocity and femoral artery diameter (FAD) on the right lower limb were measured using a high-resolution ultrasound system in all groups. Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the femoral artery were analyzed using Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of CD31 in the gastrocnemius was measured using immunofluorescence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Protein expression of PI3K, AKT, and TGF-β1 was significantly lower in Groups C, D, and E than in Group B (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The mRNA expression of AKT and TGF-β1 in Groups C, D, and E was significantly lower than that in Group B (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The expression of CD31 in the gastrocnemius, FAD, and blood flow was significantly higher in Groups C, D, and E than in Group B (p < 0.05), with the highest expression in Group E compared with Groups C and D (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Extracorporeal shock wave therapy can downregulate TGF-β1 expression, inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway, increase gastrocnemius CD31 expression and lower limb blood flow, and improve blood microcirculation of lower limb skeletal muscle.</p>","PeriodicalId":56043,"journal":{"name":"Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","volume":"72 2","pages":"216-225"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3000,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13266664/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2026.16227","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/6/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"REHABILITATION","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the microcirculation of lower extremity skeletal muscle in rats with diabetic vasculopathy (DV) and to elucidate the potential underlying mechanism.
Materials and methods: The experimental animal study was conducted between August 2023 and February 2024. Forty healthy adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (mean weight: 226 ± 21 g; range, 205 to 247 g) were randomly assigned to five groups (n=8 per group): Control group (Group A), DV group (Group B), DV + ESWT group (Group C), DV + LY2157299 group (Group D), and DV + ESWT + LY2157299 group (Group E). The blood flow velocity and femoral artery diameter (FAD) on the right lower limb were measured using a high-resolution ultrasound system in all groups. Protein and messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT), and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in the femoral artery were analyzed using Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction. The expression of CD31 in the gastrocnemius was measured using immunofluorescence.
Results: Protein expression of PI3K, AKT, and TGF-β1 was significantly lower in Groups C, D, and E than in Group B (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The mRNA expression of AKT and TGF-β1 in Groups C, D, and E was significantly lower than that in Group B (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively). The expression of CD31 in the gastrocnemius, FAD, and blood flow was significantly higher in Groups C, D, and E than in Group B (p < 0.05), with the highest expression in Group E compared with Groups C and D (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Extracorporeal shock wave therapy can downregulate TGF-β1 expression, inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway, increase gastrocnemius CD31 expression and lower limb blood flow, and improve blood microcirculation of lower limb skeletal muscle.
期刊介绍：
The Turkish Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (Formerly published as Türkiye Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi) is the official journal of the Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The journal is an international open-access, double-blind peer-reviewed periodical journal bringing the latest developments in all aspects of physical medicine and rehabilitation, and related fields. The journal publishes original articles, review articles, editorials, case reports (limited), letters to the editors. The target readership includes academic members, specialists, residents working in the fields of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. The language of the journal is English and it is published quarterly (in March, June, September, and December).
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