Pulmonary fibrosis: evolving therapeutic pipeline.

Abstract

Current treatment for pulmonary fibrosis is limited to nintedanib and pirfenidone, which slow but do not halt or reverse the progression of the disease. These treatments are widely used globally. Emerging agents, such as nerandomilast, showed positive results in phase 3 trials and was approved in the US in 2025 for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and progressive pulmonary fibrosis, but is not yet licensed for clinical use in the UK. As our understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis advances, so does the potential to develop treatments that more effectively target underlying mechanisms while being safe and well tolerated. Insights into key pathogenic pathways, including epithelial injury, fibroblast activation, extracellular matrix deposition, B and T cell involvement, and dysregulated cytokine signalling pathways, have enabled various therapeutic targets to be explored. Despite the extensive efforts behind each study, many questions remain unanswered. Negative trials are equally important, in providing insights into how future clinical trials can be better designed and targeted. Meanwhile, positive studies show encouraging results and identify potential treatments, all contributing to the overarching goal of not just slowing, but ultimately reversing, fibrosis.