Between the Horns of a Dilemma: India, Pakistan, and Conflict Dynamics in South Asia

Abstract

ABSTRACT The Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan is a highly complex conflict that requires a comprehensive understanding. Employing the “levels of analysis” theoretical framework, this article delves into the intricacies of South Asian rivalry at three levels: intrastate, interstate, and regional. From the early years of partition, it is apparent that New Delhi's approach of rotating Kashmiri leadership to maintain political balance has instead led to continued instability in the state. On a bilateral level, India and Pakistan find themselves trapped in an endless cycle of acute anxiety, armed violence, and failed negotiations which has complicated and prolonged the sub‐continental rivalry. Finally, from the standpoint of the regional subsystem‐level explanation, this article emphasizes how China's expanding footprint in South Asia is exacerbating tensions in the sub‐continental system. Hence, it is imperative for India to focus on the conditions and causal processes at the level of domestic politics by engaging Kashmiris in a meaningful dialogue. India should also adapt its approach to power politics, both internally and externally, particularly by embracing soft power strategies, to expand its diplomatic currency and status in South Asia and beyond.