Assessment of Solid Waste Generation, Management, Recycling Potential, and Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Driven Solutions for Jammu City, Jammu and Kashmir, India—A Review

Abstract

Solid waste management (SWM) is a leading challenge in Jammu City owing to rapid urbanization and increasing population with very few waste processing infrastructures. About 350-400 metric tonnes of municipal solid waste is generated by the city, the major portion of which is constituted by organic waste (40%), inert waste (25%), plastic (15%), textiles (13%), and paper (7%). Inefficient waste collection, uncontrolled waste dumping, and absence of waste segregation at source have subjected the environment and human health to very serious risks. This review highlights waste generation and disposal practices and the scope for recycling and waste-to-energy (WtE) in the context of Jammu City. Recent attempts involving Integrated SWM facilities in Kot Bhalwal and bio-remediation projects of Jammu City appear to be a little promising in terms of solving issues regarding the accumulation of waste. However, considerable challenges remain, such as a low level of awareness among members of the public, minimal infrastructure for the practice, and carelessness in the execution of the policies. Therefore, improving waste segregation at source, recycling facilities upgrading of landfills with scientific treatment methods, and mass awareness campaigns are essential for ensuring sustainable waste management in Jammu City. In addition, artificial intelligence (AI) can also present a transformative solution by optimizing waste collection routes, automating segregation, and enhancing recycling. Further, AI-powered smart bins, WtE technologies, and detection of illegal dumping can improve efficiency and sustainability. Integrating AI with community engagement and policy measures such as incentives for eco-friendly practices can drive Jammu toward a smart, data-driven waste management system, reducing pollution and conserving resources. Finally, the imposition of fines on businesses for improper disposal and penalty on people involved in improper disposal practices can enhance the efficiency of waste management as well.