Barriers and drivers of participation in energy communities: towards inclusive energy communities in Norway and Denmark

Abstract

Background

European countries have implemented strategies to improve energy resilience, such as promoting local energy supplies through energy communities. In this study, we explore the barriers and drivers that affect vulnerable individuals’ and groups’ participation in energy community projects in Norway and Denmark, as well as the factors influencing the development of inclusive energy communities. There is an interplay between the two objectives: the implementation and development of inclusive energy communities require, among other things, strategies to minimise barriers and amplify drivers for the participation of vulnerable individuals and groups.

Results

A qualitative approach was employed, starting with twenty interviews as a pilot study and progressing to thirty-four semi-structured interviews with project leaders, community members, and local authorities in four energy communities. Then, an online workshop was held among selected energy communities and policy stakeholders to exchange experiences and policy recommendations to facilitate the development of such projects. As a result, several key enablers have been identified, such as community engagement, fair participation, a sense of belonging, environmental behaviours, motivations, and awareness of energy communities. Conversely, barriers such as inadequate supportive policies, language, financial burdens, and a lack of trust in the project plan can hinder vulnerable individuals’ and groups’ participation in energy communities.

Conclusions

The findings offer several recommendations, including the need for financial support, clear policy definitions regarding energy vulnerability and energy poverty, and specific legislation to ensure the participation of vulnerable groups in energy communities. Additionally, the researchers suggest forming partnerships to develop these energy communities, creating multilingual platforms to enhance public knowledge, and sharing stories and risk assessments throughout the process. These steps aim to foster inclusive energy communities and facilitate the development of related projects.