Biocompatible design of bioresorbable electronics and materials.

Abstract

Biocompatibility is the defining determinant for the clinical translation of implantable biomedical devices. As bioelectronics evolve toward softer, electroactive, and bioresorbable systems, traditional definitions of biocompatibility-largely focused on cytotoxicity and gross inflammation-are no longer sufficient. Instead, emerging bioresorbable devices demand multidimensional biocompatibility, encompassing immune modulation, mechanical and electrical matching, controlled degradation, and functional stability over clinically relevant time windows. This review offers a biocompatibility-focused overview of recent advances in bioresorbable materials and electronics, known as transient devices. Emphasis is placed on how material selection, device architecture, and degradation pathways jointly govern immune responses and tissue integration. A comparative framework is introduced to relate material classes to immune outcomes and degradation behaviors, and current biocompatibility evaluation metrics and international standards (ISO 10993) are critically discussed. Finally, we propose design guidelines and future research directions to accelerate the translation of next-generation bioresorbable electronics.