Nanoengineered MXenes as Dynamic Analytical Interfaces for Biochemical Marker Analysis

Abstract

The development of advanced diagnostic platforms increasingly relies on the rational design of analytical interfaces that can efficiently translate biochemical events into measurable signals. MXenes, a class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides, have emerged as powerful transduction materials owing to their metallic conductivity, tunable surface terminations, and high surface area, enhancing redox kinetics and lowering overpotentials in biomolecular detection. The layered accordion-like nanoarchitecture facilitates rapid mass transport and efficient charge transfer, enabling signal amplification in electrochemical sensing. Further conjugation of biorecognition elements (BREs) enhances the specificity and selectivity of the analytical interface. In this work, nanoengineered MXenes have been explored as tunable analytical interface for real-time biochemical marker analysis. The hybridization of MXenes with one-dimensional (1D) nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanowires (NWs), 2D materials like graphene and MoS₂, and three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures such as layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and nanodendrites (NDs) further enhances surface accessibility, electrode kinetics, and mechanical robustness is discussed. The last section includes the comprehensive overview of analytical interface for biological indicators analysis, categorized as small molecules and macromolecules. The manuscript establishes a comprehensive foundation for the next-generation MXene-based analytical interface for precise molecular diagnostics.