Species composition and distribution of gallinaceous birds (Aves, Galliformes) in the south of eastern Europe during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene—a review

Abstract

This study investigates the species composition and distribution of gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) in the south of eastern Europe, specifically within the territory of present-day Ukraine, during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. The research is based on the comprehensive revision of skeletal remains found at archaeological sites. The findings reveal that seven galliform species were present in the region during these periods: hazel grouse, willow ptarmigan, rock ptarmigan, capercaillie, black grouse, grey partridge and common quail. The study highlights the crucial role of the Crimean Mountains as a refugium during the last glaciation, where the greatest diversity of gallinaceous birds was observed. The research also addresses the changes in the distribution and abundance of these birds over time, noting the loss of some species and the appearance of others. The findings underscore the importance of understanding past environmental changes and their impact on bird populations, which can inform current conservation efforts. The study concludes that while some species have shown high ecological plasticity and adaptability, others have experienced significant range contractions requiring targeted conservation measures.