Dijana Đurović, Nevena Cupara, Irena Nikolić, Milena Tadić, Jelka Vuković
{"title":"Human health risk assessment of trihalomethanes in outdoor swimming pool waters in Montenegro.","authors":"Dijana Đurović, Nevena Cupara, Irena Nikolić, Milena Tadić, Jelka Vuković","doi":"10.21101/cejph.a8555","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This paper deals with the characterization of outdoor swimming pool waters to study the occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) and to assess the health risk of THMs exposure for three population groups (male, female, and children). The concentration of total THMs and individual species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform) were monitored during the seven months of 2022 in outdoor swimming pools in the coastal area of Montenegro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 73 water samples from outdoor swimming pools were collected and tested for the content of THMs using an Agilent 7890 A GC. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of total THMs and each species were assessed through lifetime cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI), respectively. Health risk assessment was assessed through the oral and dermal exposure pathways.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The concentration of total THMs in investigated water samples ranged between 0.19 and 237.18 μg/L when 26% of tested water samples had values above the maximal permitted value (100 μg/L) established by Montenegrin legislation. Chloroform concentration was in a range of 1.13-217.16 μg/L, while contents of BDCM and DBCM were in a range of 1.01-29.43 μg/L and 0.18-16.19 μg/L, respectively. Calculated values of dermal CR were higher than 10<sup>-</sup><sup>6</sup>, thus CR values of total THMs exposure were higher than 10<sup>-</sup><sup>6</sup> for all population groups. On the other hand, CR via ingestion values were meagre, HI values of total THMs exposure for three population groups were calculated to be below 1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There is no non-carcinogenic risk for the children population while male and female populations were faced with non-carcinogenic health risk of total THMs exposure. On the other hand, all investigated population groups were faced with unacceptable cancer health risks and dermal contact was recognized as the main exposure route for all investigated populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9823,"journal":{"name":"Central European journal of public health","volume":"34 1","pages":"33-39"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9000,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Central European journal of public health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.21101/cejph.a8555","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Objectives: This paper deals with the characterization of outdoor swimming pool waters to study the occurrence of trihalomethanes (THMs) and to assess the health risk of THMs exposure for three population groups (male, female, and children). The concentration of total THMs and individual species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane (BDCM), dibromochloromethane (DBCM), and bromoform) were monitored during the seven months of 2022 in outdoor swimming pools in the coastal area of Montenegro.
Methods: A total of 73 water samples from outdoor swimming pools were collected and tested for the content of THMs using an Agilent 7890 A GC. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks of total THMs and each species were assessed through lifetime cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI), respectively. Health risk assessment was assessed through the oral and dermal exposure pathways.
Results: The concentration of total THMs in investigated water samples ranged between 0.19 and 237.18 μg/L when 26% of tested water samples had values above the maximal permitted value (100 μg/L) established by Montenegrin legislation. Chloroform concentration was in a range of 1.13-217.16 μg/L, while contents of BDCM and DBCM were in a range of 1.01-29.43 μg/L and 0.18-16.19 μg/L, respectively. Calculated values of dermal CR were higher than 10-6, thus CR values of total THMs exposure were higher than 10-6 for all population groups. On the other hand, CR via ingestion values were meagre, HI values of total THMs exposure for three population groups were calculated to be below 1.
Conclusion: There is no non-carcinogenic risk for the children population while male and female populations were faced with non-carcinogenic health risk of total THMs exposure. On the other hand, all investigated population groups were faced with unacceptable cancer health risks and dermal contact was recognized as the main exposure route for all investigated populations.
期刊介绍：
The Journal publishes original articles on disease prevention and health protection, environmental impacts on health, the role of nutrition in health promotion, results of population health studies and critiques of specific health issues including intervention measures such as vaccination and its effectiveness. The review articles are targeted at providing up-to-date information in the sphere of public health. The Journal is geographically targeted at the European region but will accept specialised articles from foreign sources that contribute to public health issues also applicable to the European cultural milieu.
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号
