Advances in the Synthesis of Thiazolidinone Derivatives: Efficient and Scalable Methods for Pharmaceutical Applications

Abstract

Thiazolidinones, a class of heterocyclic compounds, have attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical research due to their wide-ranging biological activities, such as antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. This review examines advancements in the synthesis of thiazolidinone derivatives, focusing on methods that enhance efficiency and productivity. Techniques including microwave-assisted synthesis, solvent-free conditions, and the application of bio-based and nanocatalysts (e.g., metal oxides, magnetic nanoparticles, and supported nanocatalysts) are assessed for their ability to improve reaction yields and shorten reaction times. The study highlights the advantages of integrating nanocatalysts with these synthesis approaches, leveraging their high surface area and enhanced catalytic properties to optimize thiazolidinone production. A comparative analysis with traditional methods reveals substantial improvements, with yields reaching up to 96% and reaction times reduced to as little as 0.16 h in certain cases. Microwave-assisted synthesis combined with specific nanocatalysts proved to be the most effective, delivering the highest yields in the shortest timeframes. This review emphasizes the potential of these innovative synthesis strategies for efficient and scalable production of thiazolidinone derivatives, providing valuable insights for pharmaceutical applications.