Resource utilization of rural solid waste in China—A review

Abstract

The rapid urbanization and rising living standards in rural China have led to a significant increase in rural solid waste (RSW) generation, posing substantial challenges to environmental sustainability and residents' quality of life. This study addresses a critical gap in integrated RSW management frameworks by synthesizing technological, economic, and governance dimensions. Through a systematic review methodology, this article examines the current state of RSW management in China, focusing on the types of waste generated, their inherent material and energy values, and existing management practices across diverse geographical contexts. The analysis reveals significant regional heterogeneity in waste composition and management capabilities, necessitating context-specific solutions. The comparative assessment of resource recovery methods—including anaerobic digestion, composting, thermal conversion, and material transformation—demonstrates that despite the existence of technical solutions, their implementation faces significant barriers, including economic viability, technical expertise, and policy coordination. The research proposes a novel integrated framework that aligns RSW management with China's ecological civilization goals through four interconnected pathways: intelligent information-based management, circular economy implementation, multi-stakeholder governance, and technological innovation. The findings of this review offer valuable insights and practical guidance for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners working toward sustainable rural development and effective solid waste management in China and other developing regions that face similar sustainability challenges.