Prospects of composite materials for the development of low-carbon energy: a review of recent advances and challenges

Abstract

The global transition toward low-carbon energy systems necessitates the development of materials that combine high performance with reduced environmental impact. Composite materials have emerged as critical enablers across energy generation, storage, transport, and infrastructure due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, durability, and functional tailorability. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites, including advanced fiber and nanomaterial reinforcements, highlighting their structure–property relationships and manufacturing technologies. Advancement in the lightweight blade structures, recyclable matrixes, high temperature ceramic matrix composite and multi-functional composite for thermal and electrical management were highlighted. Sector-specific applications in oil and gas, hydrogen energy, renewables, and nuclear systems are discussed, emphasizing the role of composites in decarbonization, efficiency enhancement, and lifecycle emission reduction.

Graphical Abstract

Schematic representation of composite materials application for various energy system: linking structure property relation to decarbonization