Transfusion-transmitted infections among blood donors in Saudi Arabia: demographic and malaria risk differences by donation purpose.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Blood transfusion is a vital medical procedure, yet it carries the risk of transmitting infectious diseases. This study aimed to assess the demographic characteristics and transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) profiles of family replacement and voluntary blood donors in Saudi Arabia.

Materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using records from 49,590 blood donors at King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Donors were classified as family replacement or voluntary. Demographic information and results of screening for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and malaria were analysed. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, chi-square testing, stratified analysis by nationality, and logistic regression.

Results: 49,590 donors were included, 10.6% were family replacement and 89.4% were voluntary. Males accounted for 92.6% of the donor population. No significant differences were observed between the two groups for HBV, HCV, HIV, or syphilis. However, malaria prevalence was significantly higher among family replacement donors (5.3%) compared to voluntary donors (2.9%). Family replacement donation was more common among younger donors, males, and non-Saudi nationals.‏ The higher malaria prevalence among family replacement donors was particularly evident among non-Saudi donors, and regression analysis confirmed that nationality modified the association between donation type and malaria positivity.

Conclusion: While rates of major viral TTIs were comparable between donor types, malaria risk was significantly higher among family replacement donors, especially among non-Saudi donors. These findings highlight the importance of continued malaria screening and donor selection strategies to maintain safe blood transfusion practices in Saudi Arabia.