Biomarkers in Diabetic Foot.

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus affects nearly 600 million adults worldwide and frequently leads to complications such as diabetic foot ulcers (DFU), driven by neuropathy, ischemia, infection, and impaired wound healing. Biomarkers have emerged as essential tools to improve early diagnosis, risk stratification, and management. Inflammatory markers like CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, along with oxidative stress indicators such as MDA and 8-OHdG, highlight chronic inflammation and cellular damage in nonhealing wounds. Wound surface area trends and metabolic markers-including HbA1c, fasting glucose, and CGM metrics-further guide prognosis.Integrating these biomarkers may enable personalized interventions and reduce DFU-related morbidity and amputation risk.