Synergistic Potential of Linagliptin and Resveratrol in Mitigating Type-II Diabetes-Induced Nephropathy: A Comprehensive Review.

Abstract

This narrative review aims to elucidate the significance of the synergistic effects of linagliptin and resveratrol and also explores their individual mechanisms of action in diabetic complications such as nephropathy. A systematic literature analysis examined the synergistic potential of resveratrol and linagliptin in diabetic nephropathy. A critical review of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic mechanisms was conducted. Various studies revealed that linagliptin improves renal outcomes through both incretin-dependent and independent pathways, reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and AGE-RAGE axis activation. It also exhibits the capacity to reduce albuminuria and renal fibrosis in diabetic animal models. Resveratrol similarly demonstrates substantial renoprotective benefits through activation of the AMPK/Nrf2 pathway, mitigating oxidative stress and downregulating inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta. The synergistic use of linagliptin and resveratrol may provide greater benefits than their individual effects, including improved glycaemic control, reduced renal oxidative stress, and decreased inflammatory and fibrotic markers, thereby offering superior protection against diabetic nephropathy.