Local livelihood assets and their diversification under different levels of salinity intrusion in coastal Bangladesh: A comparative assessment

Abstract

This study assesses the condition of livelihood assets in the southern coastal regions of Bangladesh using a comparative approach. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 400 households across Kalapara, Taltali, and Patharghata Upazilas, representing high and moderate salinity areas. Using the livelihood approach, the study assesses the condition of human, physical, natural, financial, and social capital assets based on 33 indicators, with values ranging from 0 to 1, where higher scores indicate stronger asset conditions. The composite values for the assets were highest in Kalapara (0.52), indicating relatively better access to resources, followed by Taltali (0.48) with moderate conditions, and Patharghata (0.41) as the weakest, reflecting practical differences in resilience and adaptive capacity. Significant differences reflect regional variations. The findings highlight the significant strain on livelihoods, particularly in Patharghata, where limited access to resources and persistent salinity intrusion have substantial impacts. The research also explores the state of livelihood diversification using the Simpson's Diversity Index, with values of 0.83, 0.89 and 0.82 in Kalapara, Taltali, and Patharghata, respectively. The shift from agricultural livelihood to alternative sources reflects households' effort to enhance resilience and adaptive capacity amidst environmental challenges. The study recommends government initiatives and interventions in the salinity-prone regions to strengthen adaptive capacity and resilience. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive policies that promote adaptation strategies and income diversification to achieve Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 3, 4, and 15.