Volkameria (L.): A comprehensive review of its traditional medicine uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Abstract

The genus Volkameria, belonging to the family Lamiaceae, comprises flowering plants with a pantropical distribution and a rich diversity of traditional applications and phytochemical compositions. Currently, 13 species are classified under this genus, which were previously categorized under different genera. This review aims to summarize the most up-to-date botanical descriptions, geographical distributions, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Volkameria plants. Various databases and search engines, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Sci-finder, Research Gate, online floras, and other published/unpublished resources, were consulted to compile this article. Volkameria species have been extensively used in traditional medicinal practices across different cultures to treat conditions such as fever, malaria, edema, cough, skin diseases, ulcers, inflammation, and rheumatism. Among the 13 accepted species, only four have been phytochemically investigated, with significant research focused on Volkameria inermis. Nearly 145 phytochemicals belonging to various classes, including flavonoids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, and phenolic/lignan/iridoid/megastigmane glycosides, have been isolated and reported. Notably, flavonoids, diterpenoids, and triterpenoids have shown significant biological activities. V. glabra, and V. inermis have been studied for their pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antimalarial, neuroprotective, anti-motor tics, insecticidal, and antifeedant effects. However, the remaining species require further investigation. Comprehensive studies, including preclinical and clinical trials, are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of these plants for medicinal use.