When training reinforces inequity: the case for inclusion health education

Abstract

Extreme health inequities affect inclusion health groups, including people experiencing homelessness, substance use problems, Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities, vulnerable migrants, sex workers, individuals in contact with the justice system, and survivors of modern slavery. Despite growing recognition of inclusion health over the past decade, health professions education has not kept pace. Evidence shows that inclusion health is rarely embedded in undergraduate curricula, leaving students unprepared to work effectively with these socially excluded groups. More concerning, some studies suggest that negative attitudes toward these groups may increase during training. This chapter examines these challenges across the continuum of education - from undergraduate programs to continuing professional development - drawing on recent research and educational theory. It explores practical steps to integrate inclusion health meaningfully into teaching and assessment, equipping health professionals with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed to deliver equitable care and challenge systemic exclusion.