Photovoltaic modeling of clear sky index correlations at different surface elevation measurement stations at short-measurement scale

Abstract

The photovoltaic (PV) strength in a solar-powered system is often characterized by fluctuations due to the intermittent variation of solar energy originating from a central PV area. This can cause significant instability and compromise the longevity of the central PV system, compared to stability. Motivated by the aforementioned research, the objective was to develop a PV model of clear sky correlations at different surface elevation measurement stations at the measurement scale. However, the theoretical model was used to determine the solar energy analysis. Initially, the solar energy sample collected in about 16 locations across Mozambique was processed using time intervals of 1, 10, 15 min, and 1 hour. Then, the clear sky radiation was found, and the clear sky index ($K_t^{*}$) was calculated. Other data were collected using PVGIS, NOAA, and Meteonorm data from 2004 to 2024. The statistical results show that there is also variation for intervals shorter than one second, consisting of energy reduction due to predictors in 28% of the total incidents. The $K_t^{*}$ increments are progressive, with a median of ∼0.02 and a $K_t^{*}$ in the range of 0.04 to 0.9, exhibiting a high correlation and regression of 0.91 and 0.96 in several states and with the predictors. The region is affected by the increasing atmospheric parameter deposition in concentrations of about 0.20, but there is also a high probability of 92% energy flux potential for PV use, and the same interaction can be used in other locations to assess the potential of available solar energy. This is because the analysis of the solar energy spectrum is close to the theoretically tested sine wave energy distribution for the global population solar energy process.