A comparative analysis of solar and geomagnetic activity during different phases of solar cycles 24 and 25

Abstract

Using hourly data from the OMNIWeb database, we analyze key indices like F10.7 (solar radio flux), Ap, Kp, Dst, and PC (geomagnetic indices) for a few chosen months that represent the solar cycle’s various phases: solar minimum (October 2009), rising phases (August 2010 and December 2022), solar maximum (May 2012), and declining phase (September 2017). Each phase’s unique geomagnetic activity patterns are revealed by our analysis. Only slight disruptions were seen in the solar and geomagnetic activity during the solar minimum. During the rising phase, we saw a steady rise in solar activity, a significant geomagnetic storm in December 2022, and associated improvements in geomagnetic indices. Geomagnetic disruptions were frequent and severe during the solar maximum phase, which was marked by intense and extremely variable solar activity. Moderate geomagnetic activity was detected throughout the falling phase, most likely due to corotating high-speed solar wind streams. This study indicates the statistical analysis of solar parameters like F10.7 index, PC index, AP index, Dst index, KP index.