The impact of combined exposure to triphenyltin and microplastics on the oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and digestive function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

IF 3.3 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Frontiers in Environmental Science Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI:10.3389/fenvs.2025.1614013

Ping Li, Yiqun Wu, Siqi Zhang, Tengzhou Li, Chang Liu, Ling Liu, Zhihua Li

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Abstract

With the increasing presence of emerging pollutants in the environment, the combined toxic effects of organotin compounds and microplastics on aquatic organisms have garnered significant attention. This study investigated the individual and combined toxic effects of triphenyltin (TPT, 1 μg/L) and microplastics (MP, 0.5 mg/L) on oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and digestive function in Cyprinus carpio over a 42-day exposure period. The results demonstrated that TPT and MP combined exposure significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) activity, enhanced the activity of inflammatory factors (IL-1β) and upregulated the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes ( gpx and il-1β ) comparing with the control group in the liver, indicating severe oxidative stress. Combined exposure exhibited complex interactive effects, potentially involving adaptive or antagonistic mechanisms. Regarding energy metabolism, TPT and MP inhibited Na + /K + -ATPase activity, disrupting ion balance in the gills, whereas combined exposure promoted the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism ( cpt1 and lpl ). The combined exposure led to a partial restoration of ion pump activity, which implies the existence of a compensatory mechanism. TPT and MP exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestines, while they triggered a compensatory reaction by upregulating the expression of digestive enzyme genes. The combined exposure vividly unveiled the complex and intertwined interactions between the inhibitory and adaptive responses, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the biological impacts under such combined stressors. This study provides essential insights into the combined toxicity of TPT and MP, highlighting their ecological risks and underscoring the need for improved environmental monitoring and management strategies.

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三苯基锡和微塑料复合暴露对鲤鱼氧化应激、能量代谢和消化功能的影响

随着环境中新出现的污染物的增加，有机锡化合物和微塑料对水生生物的综合毒性作用引起了人们的极大关注。本研究研究了三苯基锡（TPT, 1 μg/L）和微塑料（MP, 0.5 mg/L）在42 d暴露期内对鲤的氧化应激、能量代谢和消化功能的单独和联合毒性作用。结果表明，与对照组相比，TPT和MP联合暴露显著降低了肝脏中谷胱甘肽（GSH）活性，增强了炎症因子（IL-1β）活性，上调了抗氧化和炎症基因（gpx和IL-1β）的表达，表明肝脏存在严重的氧化应激。联合暴露表现出复杂的相互作用，可能涉及适应性或拮抗机制。在能量代谢方面，TPT和MP抑制了Na + /K + - atp酶活性，破坏了鳃内的离子平衡，而联合暴露促进了脂肪酸代谢相关基因（cpt1和lpl）的表达。联合暴露导致离子泵活性的部分恢复，这意味着存在一种补偿机制。TPT和MP对肠道内消化酶活性有抑制作用，同时通过上调消化酶基因表达引发代偿反应。联合暴露生动地揭示了抑制和适应性反应之间复杂而交织的相互作用，突出了这种联合应激源下生物影响的多面性。这项研究为TPT和MP的联合毒性提供了重要的见解，强调了它们的生态风险，并强调了改进环境监测和管理策略的必要性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Frontiers in Environmental Science Environmental Science-General Environmental Science

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

8.70%

发文量

2276

审稿时长

12 weeks

期刊介绍： Our natural world is experiencing a state of rapid change unprecedented in the presence of humans. The changes affect virtually all physical, chemical and biological systems on Earth. The interaction of these systems leads to tipping points, feedbacks and amplification of effects. In virtually all cases, the causes of environmental change can be traced to human activity through either direct interventions as a consequence of pollution, or through global warming from greenhouse case emissions. Well-formulated and internationally-relevant policies to mitigate the change, or adapt to the consequences, that will ensure our ability to thrive in the coming decades are badly needed. Without proper understanding of the processes involved, and deep understanding of the likely impacts of bad decisions or inaction, the security of food, water and energy is a risk. Left unchecked shortages of these basic commodities will lead to migration, global geopolitical tension and conflict. This represents the major challenge of our time. We are the first generation to appreciate the problem and we will be judged in future by our ability to determine and take the action necessary. Appropriate knowledge of the condition of our natural world, appreciation of the changes occurring, and predictions of how the future will develop are requisite to the definition and implementation of solutions. Frontiers in Environmental Science publishes research at the cutting edge of knowledge of our natural world and its various intersections with society. It bridges between the identification and measurement of change, comprehension of the processes responsible, and the measures needed to reduce their impact. Its aim is to assist the formulation of policies, by offering sound scientific evidence on environmental science, that will lead to a more inhabitable and sustainable world for the generations to come.

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