Photolytic Formation of Polybrominated Dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in Various Simulated Soil-Washing Solutions Containing Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs)

IF 3.4 4区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Processes Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI:10.3390/pr13061806

Chenyu Zhang, Xiaodong Du, Shaoshan Zeng, Jinghong Wen, Jiafa Luo, Shubin Wu, Qian Zhang, Xueqin Tao, Guining Lu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Soil washing is an efficient method to remove polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from contaminated soils. The obtained solutions from soil-washing still contain PBDEs, requiring further treatment before disposal or reuse. Although photolysis is effective for PBDE degradation in solutions, the concurrent formation of toxic polybrominated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) may limit its practical application. In this study, 2,8-dibromodibenzofurans (2,8-BDF) formation rate and mechanisms during 2,4,4′-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE-28) photolysis in various simulated soil-washing solutions was investigated. Results revealed significant effects of solubilizers on 2,8-BDF formation. The nonionic surfactants polysorbate (TW80), polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether (TX series), and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) resulted in low 2,8-BDF formation rate (1–5%), while the β-cyclodextrin led to the highest 2,8-BDF formation rate (about 28%). The nonionic surfactants polyoxyethylene dodecyl ethers (Brij series), and the anionic surfactants sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), also showed a high level of 2,8-BDF formation rate (7–17%). Solubilizer structure and its interaction with BDE-28 determined the 2,8-BDF formation. The role of the micelle microenvironment on 2,8-BDF formation was verified via an experiment and molecular dynamics simulation. The organic region of micelle exhibited high hydrogen donation ability, which inhibited 2,8-BDF formation. The results indicated distinct risks of PBDE photolysis in various soil-washing solutions, providing an important reference for solubilizer selection and the application of photolysis on the treatment of soil-washing solutions containing PBDEs.

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多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）在不同模拟土壤洗涤溶液中的光解作用

土壤洗涤是去除污染土壤中多溴联苯醚的一种有效方法。从土壤洗涤中获得的溶液仍然含有多溴二苯醚，在处置或再利用之前需要进一步处理。虽然光解对溶液中多溴二苯醚的降解是有效的，但同时形成的有毒多溴二苯并呋喃（PBDFs）可能限制了其实际应用。本研究研究了2,4,4′-三溴联苯醚（BDE-28）在不同模拟土壤洗涤溶液中光解2,8-二溴联苯呋喃（2,8- bdf）的生成速率和机理。结果表明，增溶剂对2,8- bdf的形成有显著影响。非离子表面活性剂聚山梨酯（TW80）、聚氧乙烯辛基苯基醚（TX系列）和阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）的2,8- bdf生成率较低（1-5%），而β-环糊精的2,8- bdf生成率最高（约28%）。非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯十二烷基醚（Brij系列）和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）和十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）也表现出较高的2,8- bdf生成率（7-17%）。增溶剂的结构及其与BDE-28的相互作用决定了2,8- bdf的形成。通过实验和分子动力学模拟验证了胶束微环境对2,8- bdf形成的作用。胶束有机区表现出较高的给氢能力，抑制了2,8- bdf的形成。结果表明，不同洗土溶液中多溴二苯醚的光解风险不同，为增溶剂的选择及光解在含多溴二苯醚洗土溶液中的应用提供了重要参考。

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来源期刊

Processes Chemical Engineering-Bioengineering

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

11.40%

发文量

2239

审稿时长

14.11 days

期刊介绍： Processes (ISSN 2227-9717) provides an advanced forum for process related research in chemistry, biology and allied engineering fields. The journal publishes regular research papers, communications, letters, short notes and reviews. Our aim is to encourage researchers to publish their experimental, theoretical and computational results in as much detail as necessary. There is no restriction on paper length or number of figures and tables.