Sequential, chromosome-specific glutamine synthetase double knockout with Cas-CLOVER establishes enhanced CHO platforms for cell line development

Abstract

Cas-CLOVER is an emerging high-fidelity genome editing system that enables precise and efficient cell engineering. In this study, we applied Cas-CLOVER to establish a robust, gene-edited platform in suspension-adapted CHO-K1 cells supporting cell line development (CLD) for biopharmaceutical production. An attractive strategy for high-yield clone selection is the use of glutamine synthetase (GS) knockout CHO cells. The primary GS gene resides on chromosome 5 (GS5), while a recently identified GS pseudogene is located on chromosome 1 (GS1). To compare editing efficiency, we evaluated Cas-CLOVER and Cas9 at both GS loci using the Neon™ Transfection System. Cas-CLOVER achieved 84% editing at GS5 and 74% at GS1, markedly higher than Cas9. Leveraging Cas-CLOVER's dual-guide RNA design, we generated a GS5 single knockout (GS5-SKO) and subsequently a double knockout (GS-DKO) line at both the GS5 and GS1 loci, both with none detected off-target mutations analyzed in 40 predictably off-target sites. For functional validation, these cell lines were engineered with the proprietary Harbor-IN transposase system to stably express trastuzumab. Using an optimized protocol, the resulting GS-DKO platform, termed CleanCut GS CHO, enabled stringent selection and yielded high-producing clones with cell-specific productivity exceeding 100 pg/cell/day and antibody titers greater than 5 g/L in 24 deep well-plate fed-batch cultures after 14 days. The antibody titer stability analysis showed consistency over 60 generations. Collectively, these findings establish Cas-CLOVER as a versatile genome editing tool for developing high-yield CHO host platforms in CLD.