Multiple sclerosis-associated EBNA2 variants influence the response to peginterferon beta-1a therapy

Abstract

Background

Strong evidence links Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection to Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Peginterferon beta-1a (peg-IFN), currently the most used interferon formulation among first-line treatments in MS, displays immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties and remains also an important therapeutic option in conditions such as pregnancy, lactation and aging patients.

Objectives

In this study we evaluated the ability of peg-IFN to restore a homeostatic EBV-host interaction in MS by regulating antiviral and immunometabolic responses.

Methods

In people with MS (pwMS), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed before (T0) and after six months (T6mos) of peg-IFN administration: IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) levels, EBV DNA load, Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) allele distribution, and T-lymphocyte phenotyping with glycolytic metabolism were assessed.

Results

Peg-IFN increased ISG transcription and glycolysis in CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, and reduced EBV DNA load without altering EBNA2 allele distribution. Notably, ISG expression increase at T6mos in pwMS infected by the non-risk 1.3B EBNA2 allele, correlating with a better long-term response to peg-IFN after 2-years. Lower T-cell glycolytic capacity at T0 predicted higher peg-IFN responsiveness in pwMS carrying the 1.3B allele, suggesting that EBNA2 variants might be predictive of response to peg-IFN.

Conclusion

Here, we found that infection with MS-associated EBNA2 variants might be involved in the clinical response to peg-IFN therapy. The predictive model developed, which integrates immunological and viral parameters, may help clinicians in a finer selection of first-line therapies tailored to patient profiles, supporting personalized medicine approaches.