The relationship between energy poverty and gender inequality: A comparative study of Southern Asian, Sub-Saharan African, and European countries

Abstract

This study examines the impact of gender inequality (GIQ) on energy poverty (EP) across Southeast Asia (SA), Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and European Union (EU) countries over the period 2000–2020 using the Panel Mean Group (PMG) estimation method. The findings reveal that a 1% increase in GIQ leads to a 1.09% rise in EP in SA and a 0.14% increase in SSA, while in the EU, GIQ significantly mitigates EP. Renewable energy consumption (REN) has a strong negative effect on EP, particularly in SA (−0.66%). Additionally, economic development exhibits a non-linear relationship with EP, where early growth phases may exacerbate deprivation before reversing at higher income levels. These results highlight that gender disparities, even when moderated by economic and energy policy factors, remain a critical determinant of energy access outcomes. Policymakers are urged to adopt gender-sensitive energy strategies, enhance women's inclusion in energy governance, and increase investments in renewable infrastructure to bridge access gaps and promote inclusive development.