Contemporary Models and Theories of Suicidal Behaviour: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

The paper provides a narrative review of the models and theories of suicidal behaviour. It highlights their relevance to empirical research on the phenomenon. It ranges from the classical approaches of Durkheim or Stengel to more recent models such as Joiner's interpersonal psychological theory or O'Connor's motivational-volitional model. It examines philosophical, psychological, sociological, neurobiological and integrative perspectives, analyzing the conceptual contributions, dimensions evaluated and limitations of each model. Following a systematic search of databases (PubMed, PsyINFO, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar), 27 publications that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The integrative analysis revealed that classical theories have provided a conceptual basis, while more recent models have integrated individual, contextual and biological factors, providing a broader and more dynamic understanding of suicide. Common limitations of the analyzed models over time are identified, such as the lack of empirical validation or the complexity of practical operationalization of theoretical concepts. The review also highlights the need to develop an integrated theoretical framework that allows for the convergence of individual, interpersonal and societal factors to improve the prevention and intervention of suicidal behaviour in cross-cultural contexts.