{"title":"Three-dimensional models for type 2 diabetes study.","authors":"Qian-Qian Lu, Zhao Zheng, Peng Wang, Mohamad S Hakim, Y-B Yin","doi":"10.1007/s13340-025-00862-6","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. It is a complex disease involving the interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models provide substantial advantages over conventional 2D models for the study of biology, disease, and medicine. Current 3D models include spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-chip systems. The use of 3D models has become increasingly popular in T2D research. These models allow for the visualization and manipulation of complex biological systems, providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease. They have been employed to study various aspects of T2D, including β-cell function, insulin secretion, and glucose metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current state of 3D models for T2D research, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and future directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":"17 1","pages":"11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12748446/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Diabetology International","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-025-00862-6","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2026/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction. It is a complex disease involving the interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models provide substantial advantages over conventional 2D models for the study of biology, disease, and medicine. Current 3D models include spheroids, organoids, and organ-on-chip systems. The use of 3D models has become increasingly popular in T2D research. These models allow for the visualization and manipulation of complex biological systems, providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease. They have been employed to study various aspects of T2D, including β-cell function, insulin secretion, and glucose metabolism. This review aims to summarize the current state of 3D models for T2D research, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and future directions.
期刊介绍：
Diabetology International, the official journal of the Japan Diabetes Society, publishes original research articles about experimental research and clinical studies in diabetes and related areas. The journal also presents editorials, reviews, commentaries, reports of expert committees, and case reports on any aspect of diabetes. Diabetology International welcomes submissions from researchers, clinicians, and health professionals throughout the world who are interested in research, treatment, and care of patients with diabetes. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed to assure that high-quality information in the field of diabetes is made available to readers. Manuscripts are reviewed with due respect for the author''s confidentiality. At the same time, reviewers also have rights to confidentiality, which are respected by the editors. The journal follows a single-blind review procedure, where the reviewers are aware of the names and affiliations of the authors, but the reviewer reports provided to authors are anonymous. Single-blind peer review is the traditional model of peer review that many reviewers are comfortable with, and it facilitates a dispassionate critique of a manuscript.
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