Do it right the first time; implementation of three-dimensional technology for bone defect reconstruction in upper extremity surgery.

Abstract

Three-dimensional (3D) technology has rapidly evolved from an innovative concept into an essential surgical tool. The increasing availability of high-resolution imaging, affordable 3D printers and user-friendly software has accelerated the integration of 3D technology into clinical practice, including upper extremity surgery. Despite the growing interest, many surgeons remain uncertain about how to practically implement this technique in clinical workflows. This review illustrates the clinical use of 3D technology in upper extremity bone defect reconstruction. We highlight both the preoperative and intraoperative applications of 3D technology, illustrated by detailed case examples. We also provide a practical guideline to support clinicians in adopting 3D technology as part of their routine surgical practice.