Evaluating the Efficacy of Plasma-Activated Water in the Elimination of Pathogenic Bacteria: An Experimental Study on Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia Coli, and Staphylococcus Aureus.

Journal of Family and Reproductive Health Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI:10.18502/jfrh.v19i3.20054

Abolfazl Mazandarani, Mojtaba Jabbari, Shervin Goudarzi, Mohammad Javad Khodashenas

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Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of PAW in inhibiting and eliminating four major pathogenic bacterial species: Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus.

Materials and methods: Plasma-activated water (PAW) was generated using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) cold plasma device (10 kV, 20 kHz, 4.5 L/min airflow). Two-pipette electrodes generated plasma columns with reactive species. Water hardness, pH, and ozone were measured in triplicate. Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp. were cultured, suspended to 0.5 McFarland, diluted serially, and cultured using the pour plate method. Plasma-generating electrodes were immersed in bacterial suspensions and treated for 2.5, 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Samples were cultured in triplicate using the pour plate method and colony counts were analyzed using t-tests and ANOVA.

Results: Plasma-activated water (PAW) significantly altered pH and hardness and exhibited high bactericidal activity. Hardness increased dramatically post-plasma, while pH decreased. Ozone levels increased with plasma exposure. Duncan's test (p < 0.05) confirmed significant bacterial reduction. PAW completely eliminated some strains within 2.5-5 minutes. PAW eliminated Pseudomonas aeruginosa at all time points. S. aureus was reduced to 78 ± 9 CFU/mL at 2.5 minutes and eliminated thereafter. E. coli was eliminated at 5-15 minutes, with 53 ± 7 CFU/mL remaining at 2.5 minutes. Salmonella spp. was reduced to 66 ± 8 CFU/mL at 2.5 minutes and eliminated thereafter.

Conclusion: Increased ozone concentration along with ROS and RNS enhances disinfection, inactivating Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus within 5 minutes. Reactive species disrupt bacterial cell walls and membranes, providing antimicrobial effects. Plasma-activated water offers a portable, user-friendly, and eco-friendly alternative to chemical disinfectants for microbial decontamination in food, medical, sanitation, and hospital settings, while conserving water.

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评价等离子活化水去除病原菌的效果：对假单胞菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的实验研究。

目的：本研究旨在评价PAW对假单胞菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌四种主要致病菌的抑制和杀灭效果。材料和方法：采用介质阻挡放电（DBD）冷等离子体装置（10 kV, 20 kHz， 4.5 L/min气流）产生等离子体活化水（PAW）。双移液管电极产生具有活性物质的等离子体柱。水的硬度、pH值和臭氧被三次测量。培养金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和沙门氏菌，悬浮至0.5麦克法兰，依次稀释，用淋板法培养。将产生等离子体的电极浸入细菌悬浮液中，分别处理2.5、5、10和15分钟。采用倾板法进行三次培养，菌落计数采用t检验和方差分析。结果：血浆活化水（PAW）显著改变了pH值和硬度，具有较高的杀菌活性。血浆后硬度急剧升高，pH值下降。臭氧水平随着等离子体暴露而增加。Duncan’s检验（p < 0.05）证实细菌明显减少。PAW在2.5-5分钟内完全消灭了部分菌株。PAW在所有时间点都消除了铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌在2.5分钟后降至78±9 CFU/mL，随后清除。5-15分钟时大肠杆菌被清除，2.5分钟时剩余53±7 CFU/mL。沙门菌在2.5分钟后降至66±8 CFU/mL，随后被清除。结论：臭氧浓度随ROS和RNS的增加而增加，可在5分钟内使铜绿假单胞菌、沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌灭活。活性物质破坏细菌细胞壁和细胞膜，提供抗菌作用。等离子体活化水为食品、医疗、卫生和医院环境中的微生物净化提供了一种便携式、用户友好且环保的化学消毒剂替代品，同时节约用水。

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来源期刊

Journal of Family and Reproductive Health

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审稿时长

5 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal of Family & Reproductive Health (JFRH) is the quarterly official journal of Vali–e–Asr Reproductive Health Research Center. This journal features fulllength, peerreviewed papers reporting original research, clinical case histories, review articles, as well as opinions and debates on topical issues. Papers published cover the scientific and medical aspects of reproductive physiology and pathology including genetics, endocrinology, andrology, embryology, gynecologic urology, fetomaternal medicine, oncology, infectious disease, public health, nutrition, surgery, menopause, family planning, infertility, psychiatry–psychology, demographic modeling, perinatalogy–neonatolgy ethics and social issues, and pharmacotherapy. A high scientific and editorial standard is maintained throughout the journal along with a regular rate of publication. All published articles will become the property of the JFRH. The editor and publisher accept no responsibility for the statements expressed by the authors here in. Also they do not guarantee, warrant or endorse any product or service advertised in the journal.