Five-year surveillance of antimicrobial resistance patterns among blood culture isolates at the University Teaching Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda.

Abstract

Background: Bloodstream infections remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) complicating treatment options. This study aimed to describe the frequency, distribution, and patterns of AMR among blood culture isolates over 5 years at the University Teaching Hospital of Kigali, in Rwanda.

Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional surveillance analysis was performed on 1352 bacterial isolates from 8301 blood cultures conducted between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2024. The distribution of pathogens, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and comparisons of resistance patterns between isolates from outpatient and hospitalized patients were analyzed using SPSS version 28. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The most common isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (37.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.4%), Escherichia coli (13%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (11.6%). Nearly all isolates originated from inpatients (98.6%), with the pediatric unit accounting for 40.7%. Alarmingly high resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (94.2%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (92.5%), third-generation cephalosporins (79-86%), and ciprofloxacin (58.7%). Notably, vancomycin (1%) for Gram-positive bacteria, and polymyxin B (27.1%), imipenem (25.5%), and amikacin (15.6%) for Gram-negative bacteria generally exhibited lower resistance rates. Additionally, AMR was significantly more prevalent in isolates from hospitalized patients compared to ambulatory patients (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion: This study reveals a substantial burden of AMR in blood culture isolates, particularly affecting hospitalized and pediatric patients. The high resistance rates to commonly used antibiotics highlight an urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs, improved infection prevention measures, and enhanced diagnostic laboratory capacity to guide therapy.